Sanctions on Glavkosmos and ISRO
Washington sanctions Russia's Glavkosmos and ISRO's Cryogenic Upper Stage Project, naming individual employees. The message is delivered: cryogenic technology will not move between Moscow and Bengaluru on America's watch.
A working catalogue entry, kept current. Each paragraph is drawn from the publicly documented record.
Washington, dissatisfied that the cryogenic engines themselves continue to flow from Russia to India under partial fulfilment of the 1991 deal, imposes follow-on sanctions in May 1993 on Glavkosmos and on ISRO's Cryogenic Upper Stage Project — naming individual Indian engineers and ISRO entities by name.
The signal is unmistakable: cryogenic technology will not move between Moscow and Bengaluru on Washington's watch. The 1993 sanctions, more than the 1992 ones, are what convinces ISRO leadership that an indigenous cryogenic programme is the only durable answer.
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